Enhanced conversion efficiency of flexible dye-sensitized solar cells by optimization of the nanoparticle size with an electrophoretic deposition technique{

To optimize the conversion efficiency of plastic dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated by the electrophoretic deposition technique, anatase TiO2 nanoparticles of various sizes from 10 nm to 27 nm have been synthesized via a simple hydrothermal process. The obtained TiO2 nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles are in the pure anatase phase. Rigid devices based on D149-sensitized TiO2 particles with a size of 19 nm showed the highest conversion efficiency of 7.0% among the four different devices, which was measured under illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mWcm. The effect of the particle size on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs has been systemically studied using photoelectrochemical characterizations, including intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy and intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy. The good photovoltaic performance for 19 nm TiO2 is ascribed to the good dye loading, an efficient electron transport and the high charge collection efficiency in the photoanode. Moreover, plastic DSSCs based on 19 nm TiO2 presented a conversion efficiency of 6.0% (AM 1.5G, 100 mWcm ) under optimized conditions, showing about a 20% enhancement in the conversion efficiency as compared to that based on commercial Degussa P25 TiO2 (5.2%). These results demonstrate that optimization of the TiO2 nanoparticle size for devices fabricated using the EPD technique is an alternative method to achieve highly efficient plastic dye-sensitized solar cells.